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Mongols

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Mongols
Mongolian musician • nomadic family • Genghis Khan • 19th century woman • Bogd Khan
Total population
~9 million
Regions with significant populations
Mongolia ~2.7 million
China ~5.8 million  Russia ~0.5 million
Languages
Predominantly Mongolic languages, but English, Chinese, Russian, Korean, etc.
Religion
Predominantly Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism. Minorities are Christianity, Islam.[1][2]
Related ethnic groups
Khalkha, Daur, Buryats, Hazara, Dörbed, Kalmyks, Oirats, Chahar, Tümed, Moghols, Aimak, Ordos, Bayad, Dariganga, Uriankhai, Üzemchin, Zakhchin

The name Mongol (Mongolian: MongÉ£ul; cyrillic script: Монгол (help·info) Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia.

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Definition

A narrow definition includes the Mongols proper, which can be roughly divided into eastern and western Mongols. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.

The name "Mongol" appeared first in 8th century records of the Chinese Tang dynasty, but then only resurfaced in the 11th century during the rule of the Khitan. At first it was applied to some small and still insignificant tribes in the area of the Onon River. In the 13th century, it grew into an umbrella term for a large group of Mongolic and Turkic tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan under a same identity (mostly cultural).^[3]

The specific origin of the Mongolic languages and associated tribes is unclear. Some researchers have proposed a link to languages like Tungusic and Turkic, which are often included alongside Mongolic in a hypothetical group called Altaic languages, but evidence for this line of argumentation is rather weak.^[4]

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Geographic distribution

Today, people of Mongol origin live in Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia), Russia, and a few other central Asian countries.

The differentiation between tribes and peoples (nationalities) is handled differently depending on the country. The Tumed, Chahar, Ordos, Bargut (or Barga), Buryats, Dörböd (Dörvöd, Dörbed), Torguud, Dariganga, Üzemchin (or Üzümchin), Bayid, Khoton, Myangad (Mingad), Zakhchin (Zakchin), Darkhad, and Oirats (or Öölds or Ölöts) are all counted as tribes of the Mongols.

Other geographically dispersed Mongol peoples include the Moghol, Hazara, and Aimak in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran.

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Mongolia

The population of Mongolia consists of 85% Mongols, numbering approximately 2.7 million. Among those, the Khalkha, Uriankhai and Buryats are counted as eastern Mongols. The Oirats, living mainly in the Altay region, belong to the western Mongols.

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China

Main article: Ethnic Mongols in China

This map shows Mongolia and Mongol autonomous subjects in the PRC.

The Chinese census of 2000 counted 5.8 million Mongols (according to the narrow definition above). Most of them live in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, followed by Liaoning province. Small numbers can also be found in provinces near those two.

Other peoples speaking Mongolic languages are the Daur, Monguor, Dongxiang, Bonan, and parts of the Yugur. Those do not officially count as part of the Mongol nationality, but are recognized as nationalities of their own.

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Russia

In Russia, the Buryats belong to the eastern Mongols. The western Mongols include the Oirats in the Russian Altay and the Kalmyks at the northern side of the Caspian Sea, where they make up 53.3% of the population of Kalmykia.^[5] Together they amount to roughly half a million people.

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See also

• Mongol Empire
• History of Mongolia
• List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans

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References

1. ^ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71350.htm
2. ^ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm
3. ^ "Mongolia: Ethnography of Mongolia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
4. ^ see Vovin, Alexander (2005): The End of the Altaic Controversy. Central Asiatic Journal 49.1: 71–132.
5. ^ "Kalmyks". World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples (2005). Retrieved on 2008-05-18.

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External links

• Ethnic groups of Mongolia
• Ethnic map of Mongolia